Parts of Speech
اجزائے کلام
Words are divided into different kinds or classes,
called parts of speech, according to their use. The parts of speech are eight
in number.
1. Noun اسم
2. Pronoun اسم ضمیر
3. Adjectiveاسم صفت
4. Verbفعل
5. Adverbمتعلق فعل
6. Preposition حرف جار
7. Conjunction حروف عطف
8. Interjection حروف ندا
(Articles are also considered as parts of
speech)
A NOUN's the name of
anything,
As: school or garden, toy, or swing.
In place of Noun, The PRONOUN
stands,
As he and she can clap
their hands.
ADJECTIVES tell the kind of noun,
As: great, small, pretty, white,
or brown.
VERBS tell of something being done:
To read, write, count, sing, jump,
or run.
How things are done the ADVERBS tell,
As: slowly, quickly, badly, well.
CONJUNCTIONS join the words together,
As: men and women, wind or weather.
The PREPOSITION stands before
A noun as: in or through a door.
The INTERJECTION shows surprise
As: Oh, how pretty! Ah! how wise!
The whole are called the PARTS of SPEECH,
Which reading, writing, speaking teach.
1. NOUN
Noun is a word used as the name of a
person, place, thing or an idea. It includes names, locations, objects in the
physical world. (Book, Chair, Pen) It also includes objects and concepts that
do not exist in the physical world. (Courage, Dream, Honesty)
Akber
was a great king.
Lahore
is near the bank of the river Ravi.
The rose
smells sweet.
The sun
shines bright.
His courage
won him hounour.
NOUN COMMON PROPER COMPOUND NOUN COLLECTIVE CONCRETE ABSTRACT
Kinds of Noun
i.
Common Noun: Common Noun is a name given in common to every person or
thing. It names any one of a class of people, places or things. For example: Boy , Girl , School , Man , Woman , City , Book , Chair
etc.
ii.
Proper Noun: It is the name of some particular person or place. Proper Nouns are
always written with capital letters at the beginning. For example: Holy Quran , Allama Iqbal , Ali , Lahore , Islamabad etc.
iii.
Collective
Noun: It is the
name of a number or collection of persons or things taken together and spoken
of as one whole. Or :A noun that names a group of individual people or things.
For Example: Crowd , Mob , Team , Flock , Herd , Army , Fleet , Family ,
Nation , Parliament , Committee.
A Fleet = a
collection of ships
An army = a
collection of soldiers
A crowd = a
collection of people
The police
dispersed the crowd. A herd of cattle was passing.
iv.
Abstract
Noun: It is
usually the name of a quality, action or state. Or nouns that cannot be
identified using one’s senses are called Abstract Nouns.
Quality: goodness ,
kindness , whiteness , honesty , wisdom , bravery
Action: Judgment,
Laughter
State: Childhood, boyhood, youth, slavery, poverty
v.
Compound Noun: A noun made up of two
or more words. For example: Postmaster , Horseback etc
vi.
Concrete Noun: nouns that can be easily identified with one
or more senses. For Example: dog, tree, candle
Another
classification of Nouns is whether they are countable or uncountable.
Countable
Nouns are the names of the objects, people etc
that we can count e.g. book, pen, boy , sister , doctor , horse etc.
Uncountable
nouns are the names of things which we cannot
count e.g. milk, oil, sugar, gold, honesty etc.
Countable
Nouns have plural forms while uncountable nouns do not. For example, we say
“books’ but we cannot say “Milks”
2.
PRONOUN
A pronoun is used in place of a noun. It is used to
avoid the repetition of noun in a sentence. {Pronoun means “for a noun”. For
example: Mr. Ali is a doctor. He
is a sincere person. Here “He” is used as a pronoun in place of the noun “Mr.
Ali”.
|
Subjective
case |
Possessive
case |
|
Type
|
|
I We |
My Our |
Me |
1st Person Pronoun |
|
You |
Your |
You |
2nd Person Pronoun |
|
He She It |
His Her Its |
Her It |
3rd Person Pronoun Singular |
|
They |
Their |
Them |
3rd Person Plural |
I , we , you , he , she , it , they are called personal pronouns.
Reflexive
Pronoun: When “-Self” is added to my , your
, him , her , it , and “-selves” to our , your and them , we get what are
called compound personal pronouns.
They are called Reflexive Pronouns
when the action done by the subject turns back upon the subject; as,
I hurt myself. We hurt ourselves.
You hurt yourself. You will hurt yourselves.
He hurt himself.
She hurt
herself. They
hurt themselves.
The horse hurt itself.
Emphatic
Pronoun: When compound personal pronouns are
used for the sake of emphasis are
therefore called “Emphatic Pronouns.
I
myself saw him do it. Emphatic
Pronoun
He
himself said so. Emphatic
Pronoun
She
herself says so. Emphatic
Pronoun
Demonstrative
Pronouns: Demonstrative Pronouns are used to
point out the objects to which they refer. (Latin Demonstrative, to show
clearly).
Example: Both cars are good but this is better
than that. Demonstrative Pronoun
That is the red fort. Demonstrative Pronoun
Distributive Pronouns: Each, either,
neither are called Distributive pronouns because they refer to persons or
things one at a time. For this reason they are always singular and as such
followed by the verb in the singular.
Each is used to denote every one of the number of persons or
things taken singly.
Either means the one or the other of two.
Neither means not the one nor the other of two. It is the
negative of either.
Hence “Either” and “Neither” should
be used only in speaking of two persons or things. When more than two are
spoken of , any , no one , none should be used.
Example: Each of
the men received a reward.
The
two men hated each other.
They
cheated one another.
Relative
Pronoun: Relative Pronouns introduce
dependent clauses and refers to a person or thing already mentioned in the
sentence (i.e. the antecedent).
Who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, that
The
English that we learn in class
will help us pass English 1101.
that we learn in class is the adjective clause that
describes English. And, that is the relative pronoun.
Interrogative Pronoun: Relative Pronouns are used for asking questions and are
therefore called Interrogative Pronouns.
Example:
Who is there? What
do you want? I do not know
who is there?
Indefinite Pronoun: Indefinite Pronouns refer to persons or things in neither
general nor particular.
Example: some, somebody,
someone, something etc.
3.
ADJECTIVE
An adjective modifies (describes) a noun or pronoun. It
describes the quality of a noun or a pronoun.
Normally in English, the adjective comes before the noun.
For example:
The
lazy boy was punished.
An adjective has three degrees.
Most Adjectives of one syllable,
and some of more than one, form the comparative by adding –er and the
superlative by adding –est to the positive degree.
Adjectives of more than two
syllables form the comparative degree and superlative degree by putting more
and most before the positive degree.
There are some irregular comparisons
of adjective as well.
|
POSITIVE DEGREE |
COMPARATIVE DEGREE |
Adding er and est. Adding more and most |
||
|
Small |
Smaller |
Smallest |
||
|
Long |
Longer |
Longest |
||
|
Big |
Bigger |
Biggest |
||
|
Beautiful |
More
beautiful |
Most
beautiful |
||
|
Famous |
More
famous |
Most
famous |
||
|
Good |
Better |
Irregular comparison |
||
|
Little |
Less |
Least |
||
|
Much |
More |
Most |
Kinds of
Adjective
i.
Adjective of quality
The adjectives which point out of some quality of a
person or thing are called Adjective of Quality.
It is a good book.
He is a wise man.
ii.
Adjective of Quantity
The adjectives which show the quantity of a noun are
called Adjectives of Quantity.
Please give me a little butter.
He has much bread.
iii.
Numerical Adjective / Adjectives of number
The Adjective that tells us how many persons or things
are meant is called the Adjective of Number; as One , Two , First , Seventh ,
Single etc.
iv.
Demonstrative Adjectives
These adjectives show that which and what thing is
meant. For example: This , that , these , those etc.
v.
Distributive Adjectives
These adjectives show the distribution of various
things. For example: Each , Every , Neither , Either.
4.
VERB
Verbs are doing words. A verb can express a physical
action, a mental action, or a state of being.
Physical Action: To swim, To Write, To climb
Intransitive Transitive VERB
State of being: To exist , to appear
There are two main kinds of verb.
i.
Transitive Verb:
Transitive
verb denotes an action that passes over from the doer /Subject to an object.
For
example: He drinks water. I read
a book.
ii.
Intransitive Verb:
Intransitive
verb denotes an action which does not pass over to an object. It expresses a
state or being. We can say, if the action is self-sufficient and stops with the
subject, then the verb is called intransitive.
For
example: He sleeps. He weeps.
Helping Verb Main Verb
Main verbs and Helping verbs/
Auxiliaries.
Regular Verbs: By adding -ed Irregular Verbs Irregular Verbs: All three forms are different Irregular Verbs: Two of the forms are same. Irregular Verbs: All three forms are different. Have alternative past participle form ending in -en which can
only be used adjectively.
A
verb has three forms.
|
BASE FORM |
PAST TENSE |
PAST PARTICIPLE |
|
Walk |
Walked |
Walked |
|
Laugh |
Laughed |
Laughed |
|
Pain |
Painted |
Painted |
|
Sit |
Sat |
Sat |
|
Ring |
Rang |
Rung |
|
Come |
Came |
Come |
|
Cut |
Cut |
Cut |
|
Bet |
Bet |
Bet |
|
Cut |
Cut |
Cut |
|
Put |
Put |
Put |
|
Set |
Set |
Set |
|
Beat |
Beat |
Beaten |
|
Become |
Became |
Become |
|
Bring |
Brought |
Brought |
|
Lead |
Led |
led |
|
Be |
Was |
Been |
|
Blow |
Blew |
Blown |
|
Drive |
Drove |
Driven |
|
Forbid |
Forbade |
Forbidden |
|
Drink |
Drunk |
Drunken |
|
Melt |
Melted |
Molten |
|
Sink |
Sank |
Sunken |
|
Strike |
Struck |
Stricken |
An adverb is
a word is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another
adverb.
i.
ii.
This is a very sweet mango. (‘Sweet’ is an adjective. ‘Very’ is
defining the adjective.)
iii.
Aslam reads quite clearly. {‘Clearly’ is an adverb. ‘Quite’ is defining
the adverb.)
In
the above examples “Quickly, Very and quite’ are the adverbs, defining the
verb, adjective and adverbs in sequence.
Kinds
of Adverb:
Adverbs can
be divided into the following classes according to their meanings.
i.
Adverbs of time: (Which show
when)
Example: He comes here daily. I have
spoken to him already.
ii.
Adverbs of frequency: (Which
show how often)
Example: I have told you twice. He seldom comes here. The postman called again.
iii.
Adverbs of place: (which show
where)
Example: Stand here. Go there.
Come in.
iv.
Adverbs of manner: (which show how or
in what manner)
Example: Aslam
reads clearly. The child slept soundly. The
boy works hard.
v.
Adverbs of Affirmation and
Negation:
Example: Surely
you are mistaken.
vi.
Adverbs of reason:
Example: He therefore left school.
6. PREPOSITION
Prepositions are
words that, like conjunctions, connect a noun or pronoun to another word in a
sentence. Prepositions can be arranged in the following classes:
i.
Simple Preposition: at , by , for , from , in , of ,off , on , out , ill , to
up.
ii.
Compound Preposition: These are generally formed by prefixing a preposition. Inside
, beside , beneath , within , behind
iii.
Phrase Preposition: These are the words used with the force of a single
preposition.
According to , along with , away from , in front of
7. CONJUNCTION
Ali is poor but honest.
Example: Ali is poor. He
is honest. Ali i
Some
conjunctions are used in pairs.
Either – or : Either take it or leave it.
Neither – nor : It is neither useful nor ornamental.
Both – and : We both love and honour him.
Though – yet : Though he is
suffering much pain yet he does not
complain.
Not only – but also : Not only is he foolish but also obstinate.
8. INTERJECTION
An
interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feelings or emotions. Interjections
may express.
Joy ; as Hurrah!
Grief ; as Alas!
Surprise ; as ha! , What!
Approval ; as Bravo!
ARTICLES
The words “A / An and
The” are called articles. They come before nouns.
i.
A
ii.
AN
iii.
The
“A” and “An” are
called Indefinite Articles and “The” is known as Definite Article.
ARTICLES Indefinite Articles Definite Article A An The
A doctor; that is, any doctor.
The is called Definite Article because it normally
points out some particular person or thing; as,
He saw the doctor. (That is some particular doctor.)
Indefinite Article (A/An)
is used before singular countable nouns. E.g. A book, an orange, a girl.
An is used before singular countable nouns which give a vowel
sound (Sound of ALIF in Urdu at the
start).
Example: 1. An Apple ایپل 2.
An Egg ایگ
3.
An Elephant ایلی فینٹ 4. A European
یورپین
Here An is used
along with Apple , Egg and, Elephant because These words give a vowel sound (ALIF) at the start. Whereas Article A is used with the Words
European and University because they have no vowel sound at the beginning though they start with a vowel letter.
USE OF THE
1. Use “the” with something which has already been mentioned so that both
the speaker and listener know what is being talked about:
There is an apple and a
banana in the fruit bowl.
The apple is red and the
banana is yellow.
2. Use “the” to refer to things that are unique:
the sun, the moon, the world.
3. Use “the” before superlatives and ordinal numbers:
the highest mountain, the
smallest child ,the first page, the third book, the last chapter.
4. Use “the” with adjectives, to refer to a whole group of people:
Examples: the Italians, the
Irish, the working class, the poor
5. Use “the” with names of geographical areas and with oceans:
Examples: the Middle East,
the Pacific, the Atlantic
6. Use “The”
before the names of the rivers:
Examples: The Ravi , The Indus etc.
7. Use “The”
before the names of the mountain ranges and deserts.
Examples: The Himalayas , The Sahara Desert.
8. Use “The”
before the names of the certain books:
Examples: The Holy Quran , The Holy Bible , The Iliad
9. Use “The”
with the superlative degree of Adjective:
Example: He is the best boy of the class.
10. Use “The”
before musical instruments:
Example: He can play the flute.
11. Use “The”
with comparative degree when used twice in a sentence:
Example: The
higher we go , the cooler it is.
12. Use “The”
with the name of an animal when it represents the whole generation.
Example: The dog is faithful animal. The cat loves comfort. The horse runs fast.
13. Use “The”
before the names of metals.
Example: The gold , The Silver
